MỤC LỤC
Kiểu dữ liệu và nhập xuất cơ bản trong C
Đối với tất cả ngôn ngữ lập trình, việc kiểm soát tiêu chuẩn đầu vào, đầu ra của dữ liệu là vô cùng quan trọng. Khi làm việc với ngôn ngữ C/C++, đầu tiên phải nói đến thư viện <stdio.h> – C chuẩn (<iostream> – C++ chuẩn).
stdio.h cung cấp 2 hàm hỗ trợ nhập xuất cơ bản là printf() và scanf().
printf và scanf:
printf() viết tắt của “print formatted” nghĩa là hàm in có định dạng. Làm nhiệm vụ xuất dữ liệu ra màn hình.
Cấu trúc printf(<"chuỗi định dạng">, <danh sách tham số>). Trong đó:
- Chuỗi định dạng “format string” làm nhiệm vụ định dạng dữ liệu xuất ra màn hình.
- Danh sách tham số có thể bao gồm nhiều biến, hằng số, biểu thức và hàm… được phân cách bằng dấu “,” .
scanf() viết tắt của “scan formatted” nghĩa là hàm quét có định dạng. Làm nhiệm vụ quét dữ liệu đầu vào.
Cấu trúc scanf(<định dạng kỹ thuật>, <danh sách tham chiếu>). Trong đó:
- Định dạng kỹ thuật làm nhiệm vụ định dạng dữ liệu đầu vào.
- Danh sách tham chiếu bao gồm các dữ liệu được truyền với dạng tham chiếu có cấu trúc được quy định là
&<tên biến>dành cho các kiểu dữ liệu cơ bản “primitive data type”, còn đối với các kiểu dữ liệu dẫn xuất như chuỗi ký tự thì tham chiếu đơn giản là<tên biến>.
Chuỗi định dạng
Chuỗi định dạng trong print() được đặt trong dấu " " cho phép nhiều thành phần cùng tồn tại như:
- Ký tự văn bản “Text characters”: là những ký tự in được, bao gồm các chữ cái, chữ số và các ký tự đặc biệt trong bảng mã ASCII.
- Ký tự điều khiển: bao gồm một số ký tự điều khiển như tab
\t, xuống dòng\n, khoảng trắng , … khoảng trắng thường được sử dụng để phân cách các trường “field” dữ liệu được xuất ra. - Định dạng kỹ thuật: quy định kiểu dữ liệu được xuất ra màn hình.
Ký tự điều khiển thường dùng
| \n | Nhảy xuống dòng kế tiếp |
| \t | Tab khoảng cách ngang |
| \r | Nhảy về đầu hàng |
| \a | Tiếng kêu bip |
| \\ | In ký tự \ |
| \” | In ký tự “ |
| \’ | In ký tự ‘ |
| %% | In ký tự % |
Định dạng kỹ thuật thường dùng
| %d | int | định dạng kiểu số nguyên và tham chiếu dữ liệu hệ thập phân |
| %i | int | định dạng kiểu số nguyên và tham chiếu dữ liệu hệ thập lục phân |
| %f | float | định dạng kiểu số thực |
| %c | char | định dạng kiểu ký tự |
| %s | character string | định dạng chuỗi ký tự |
| %lf | double | định dạng kiểu số thực double |
| %ld | long | định dạng cho một số kiểu long |
| %Lf | long double | định dạng cho một số kiểu long double |
Kiểu dữ liệu int8_t, int8_t, uint16_t, int16_t, uint32_t, int32_t…? trong lập trình vi điều khiển
Tham khảo: https://www.stdio.vn/
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